Neanderthal. DNA

[D J Thornton]

http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-33226416
The study suggests an early Homo sapiens settler in Europe harboured a Neanderthal ancestor just a few generations back in his family line.
Previous work has shown our ancestors had interbred with Neanderthals 55,000 years ago, possibly in the Middle East.
The new results reveal there was additional mixing once modern humans pushed north into Europe.
An international team of researchers has published its analysis of the ancient European genome in Nature journal.
The group successfully extracted and sequenced genetic material from a jawbone found in 2002 inside the cave system of Peștera cu Oase in south-west Romania.
The ancient man was found to be more closely related to Neanderthals than any other modern human (Homo sapiens) who has previously been analysed.
Between 6% and 9% of the Oase individual's genome is from Neanderthals - an unprecedented amount. By comparison, present-day Europeans have between 2% and 4%.
Smaller chunks
As DNA is passed on from generation to generation, segments are broken up and recombined, so that genetic material inherited from any one individual becomes interspersed with that of other ancestors.
The scientists found segments of Neanderthal DNA in the fossil that were large enough to indicate that the ancient man had a Neanderthal ancestor just four to six generations back.
"It's an incredibly unexpected thing," said Prof David Reich, a co-author of the paper from the Harvard Medical School.
"In the last few years, we've documented interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans, but we never thought we'd be so lucky to find someone so close to that event."
Co-author Prof Svante Paabo, from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, said: "It is such a lucky and unexpected thing to get DNA from a person who was so closely related to a Neanderthal."
Previous analyses of ancient and modern human genomes (the DNA contained in the nucleus of our cells that acts as the blueprint for building a person) have shown that modern humans probably interbred with Neanderthals shortly after they migrated out of their African homeland.
This is because present-day people with roots outside sub-Saharan Africa carry a small percentage of Neanderthal DNA. This suggest the mixing event must have occurred before people spread into Asia, Europe and Oceania, diversifying into regional populations.
Pioneering population
The new findings agree well with our knowledge of the archaeology. Radiocarbon dating of remains from sites across Europe suggests that modern humans and Neanderthals co-existed on the continent for some 5,000 years.
However, the 40,000-year-old individual from Oase was probably not responsible for passing on Neanderthal ancestry to present-day Europeans. The analysis shows the man was more closely related to modern East Asians and Native Americans than to today's Europeans.
"This sample, despite being in Romania, doesn't yet look like Europeans today," said Prof Reich.
"It is evidence of an initial modern human occupation of Europe that didn't give rise to the later population. There may have been a pioneering group of modern humans that got to Europe, but was later replaced by other groups."
To analyse the ancient DNA in the Romanian bones, researchers had to sift out an overwhelming amount of genetic material from other organisms. Most of that was from microbes that lived in the soil where the bone was found.
Of the fraction of a percent that was human DNA, most had been introduced by people who handled the bone after its discovery.
But co-author Qiaomei Fu, a postdoctoral researcher in Prof Reich's group at Harvard, solved that problem by restricting her analysis to DNA with a kind of damage that deteriorates the molecule over tens of thousands of years.
The study supports previous research by Prof Erik Trinkaus of Washington University in St Louis and colleagues showing that the jawbone and teeth possessed a mixture of modern and Neanderthal features.

[D J Thornton]

http://www.theguardian.com/science/2015 ... arent-link

The first modern humans to arrive in Europe did not wait long to have sex with Neanderthals, according to experts in ancient DNA.

The conclusion follows genetic tests that show one of the earliest modern humans to live in Europe was the great-great grandson of a Neanderthal. Or perhaps the great- great-great-great grandson.

Tests on the remains of a man who lived in Europe about 40,000 years ago found he had two to four times more Neanderthal DNA than any other modern human tested. He inherited the DNA when an ancestor had sex with a Neanderthal about 200 years earlier, or four to six generations back in his family tree.

The striking discovery is the first evidence scientists have that modern humans had sex with Neanderthals in Europe. Until now, the only known interbreeding was in the Middle East, or nearby, about 50,000 to 60,000 years ago. Those couplings left all non-Africans alive today with 1-3% Neanderthal DNA.

Though present day humans have at most only a few percent Neanderthal DNA each, when added together, the global population carries about a fifth of the Neanderthal genome.

Ancient human bone helps date our first sex with Neanderthals
“This is the only interbreeding in Europe that we know about so far,” said Svante Pääbo, director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, who led the study. “It shows us that the very earliest modern humans that came to Europe really mixed with the local Neanderthals here. It’s not just something that happened early on when they came out of Africa.”

Modern humans spread across Europe between 45,000 and 35,000 years ago, into land already occupied by Neanderthals. The two human forms probably shared the land for about 5,000 years before the Neanderthals died out about 35,000 years ago. What hand modern humans played in their demise is still keenly debated, but many scientists suspect modern humans out-competed the Neanderthals for food and other resources.

Cave explorers stumbled upon the ancient jawbone of the early European man in 2002 while exploring the Oase cave in south western Romania. Though it looked modern human, it bore some subtle Neanderthal features too. Carbon dating put the remains at between 37,000 and 42,000 years old. At that age, the man is a contender for the earliest modern human known in Europe.

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DNA taken from a 40,000-year-old modern human jawbone from the Peștera cu Oase cave in Romania reveals the man had Neanderthal ancestor only four to six generations earlier. Photograph: Svante Pääbo, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
In the latest study, scientists used a dentist’s drill to remove a small amount of bone for genetic tests. The results, reported in Nature, are remarkable. The man had 6-9% Neanderthal DNA, far more than people alive today. But the amount was not the only surprise. The Neanderthal DNA was present in large chunks, meaning he had a Neanderthal ancestor in his recent past. Half of one entire chromosome was pure Neanderthal. More big chunks of Neanderthal DNA sat on other chromosomes.

The size of the chunks of Neanderthal DNA shed light on how recently the man’s ancestors bred with Neanderthals. For example, a child born from a Neanderthal father and modern human mother could inherit 50% Neanderthal DNA. But with each future generation, the Neanderthal DNA would be fragmented into ever shorter chunks. Barring further Neanderthal sex, that is.

Janet Kelso, a co-author on the study, said that analyses of the largest chunks of Neanderthal DNA found that the Oase man had a Neanderthal ancestor four to six generations back in his family history. That suggests modern humans mixed with Neanderthals soon after they first spread across Europe. Like modern Europeans today, he also carried a smidgen of Neanderthal DNA from older couplings in the Middle East. Yet more Neanderthal DNA had crept into his genome from incidents that happened more than 200 years before he was born.

Though inter-breeding was not utterly disastrous, the mixed offspring of modern humans and Neanderthals did not, in general, fare well. Genetic tests show that most Neanderthal DNA was rapidly lost from the modern human genome. One theory is that mixed children grew up to be less fertile, or were less likely to reach fertile age, meaning their DNA vanished quickly from the gene pool.

The Oase man did not pass his Neanderthal genes on to people alive today. Instead, he may have belonged to a group of early pioneers who settled in Europe and mixed with Neanderthals, but later died out, when other modern humans arrived.

Pääbo now wants to study more early modern humans and some of the oldest Neanderthals to glean insights into their social interactions. “We want to know if they lived together, and if the mixed kids became integrated into both Neanderthal and modern human populations,” he said.